Captive Paradise: A History of Hawaii Read online

  Howay, Judge F. W. “Captain Simon Metchalfe and the Brig ‘Eleanora.’” In 17th Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society (Honolulu: Paradise of the Pacific Press, 1910).

  Ireland, Brian. “Remembering and Forgetting at the Waikiki War Memorial Park and Natatorium.” HJH 39 (2005).

  Jones, Stephen B. “Geography and Politics in the Hawaiian Islands.” Geographical Review 28, no. 2 (April 1938).

  “K.” “Honolulu Letter.” Science 8, no. 181 (July 23, 1886).

  Karpiel, Frank J., Jr. “Mystic Ties of Brotherhood: Freemasonry, Ritual and Hawaiian Royalty in the Nineteenth Century.” PHR 69, no. 3 (August 2000).

  Kashay, Jennifer Fish. “‘O That My Mouth Might Be Opened’: Missionaries, Gender, and Language in Early 19th-Century Hawai‘i.” HJH 36 (2002).

  Kosaki, Richard H. “Constitutions and Constitutional Conventions in Hawaii.” HJH 12 (1978).

  Kuykendall, Ralph S. “Introduction of the Episcopal Church into the Hawaiian Islands.” PHR 15, no. 2 (June 1946).

  La Croix, Sumner J., and Christopher Grandy. “The Political Instability of Reciprocal Trade and the Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom.” Journal of Economic History 57, no. 1 (March 1997).

  La Croix, Sumner J., and James Roumasset. “The Evolution of Private Property in Nineteenth-Century Hawaii.” Journal of Economic History 50, no. 4 (December 1990).

  Loomis, Albertine. “Summer of 1898.” HJH 13 (1979).

  MacLennan, Carol A. “Foundations of Sugar’s Power: Early Maui Plantations, 1840–1860.” HJH 29 (1995).

  ———. “Hawai‘i Turns to Sugar: The Rise of Plantation Centers, 1860–1880.” HJH 31 (1997).

  Martin, B. Jean, and Frances Jackson. “The Honolulu Sailor’s Home.” HJH 20 (1986).

  Marumoto, Masaji. “Vignette of Early Hawaii-Japan Relations: Highlights of King Kalakaua’s Sojourn in Japan on His Trip around the World as Recorded in His Personal Diary.” HJH 10 (1976).

  Maurer, Evan. “Kamehameha I and the NEH.” Art Journal 40, nos. 1–2. Modernism, Revisionism, Pluralism and Post-Modernism (Autumn–Winter 1980).

  ———. “The Royal Isles.” Bulletin of the Art Institute of Chicago 74, no. 3 (July–September 1983).

  McWilliams, Tennant S. “James H. Blount, the South, and Hawaiian Annexation.” PHR 57, no. 1 (February 1988).

  Meller, Norman. “Missionaries to Hawaii: Shapers of the Islands’ Government.” Western Political Quarterly 11, no. 4 (December 1958).

  Menton, Linda K. “A Christian and ‘Civilized’ Education: The Hawaiian Chiefs’ Children’s School, 1839–50.” History of Education Quarterly 32, no. 2 (Summer 1992).

  Mills, Peter R. “A New View of Kaua‘i as ‘The Separate Kingdom’ after 1810.” HJH 30 (1996).

  Morse, Peter. “The Lahainaluna Money Forgeries.” HJH 2 (1968).

  Nagata, Kenneth M. “Early Plant Introductions in Hawai‘i.” HJH 19 (1985).

  Nordyke, Eleanor C., and Richard K. C. Lee. “The Chinese in Hawai‘i: A Historical and Demographic Perspective.” HJH 23 (1989).

  Pearce, George F. “Assessing Public Opinion: Editorial Comment and the Annexation of Hawaii: A Case Study.” PHR 43, no. 3 (August 1974).

  Pratt, Julius W. “The Hawaiian Revolution: A Re-Interpretation.” PHR 1, no. 3 (September 1932).

  Quinn, William F. “Politics of Statehood.” HJH 18 (1984).

  Raeside, James D. “Journals and Letter Books of R. C. Wyllie: A Minor Historical Mystery.” HJH 18 (1984).

  Rolle, Andrew F. “California Filibustering and the Hawaiian Kingdom.” PHR 19, no. 3 (August 1950).

  Rowland, Donald. “The Establishment of the Republic of Hawaii, 1893–1894.” PHR 4, no. 3 (September 1935).

  ———. “The United States and the Contract Labor Question in Hawaii, 1862–1900.” PHR 2, no. 3 (September 1933).

  Russ, William A., Jr. “Hawaiian Labor and Immigration Problems before Annexation.” Journal of Modern History 15, no. 3 (September 1943).

  ———. “The Role of Sugar in Hawaiian Annexation.” PHR 12, no. 4 (December 1943).

  Sahlins, Marshall, and Dorothy Barrère. “William Richards on Hawaiian Culture and Political Conditions of the Islands in 1841.” HJH 7 (1973).

  Schmitt, Robert C. “Population Policy in Hawai‘i.” HJH 8 (1974).

  ——— and Eleanor C. Nordyke. “Death in Hawai‘i: The Epidemics of 1848–49.” HJH 35 (2001).

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  Silverman, Jane L. “To Marry Again.” HJH 17 (1983).

  Smith, Roger C. “We Shall Soon See the Consequences of Such Conduct: John Ledyard Revisited.” HJH 41 (2007).

  Soong, Irma Tam. “Sun Yat-sen’s Christian Schooling.” HJH 31 (1997).

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  ———. “Hawaii: A Symbol of Anglo-American Rapprochement.” Political Science Quarterly 79, no. 4 (December 1964).

  ———. “Twisting the Lion’s Tail over Hawaii.” PHR 36, no. 1 (February 1967).

  Weigle, Richard D. “Sugar and the Hawaiian Revolution.” PHR 16, no. 1 (February 1947).

  Whitehead, John. “Hawaii: The First and Last Far West?” Western Historical Quarterly 23, no. 2 (May 1992).

  Zwiep, Mary. “Sending the Children Home: A Dilemma for Early Missionaries.” HJH 24 (1990).

  Acknowledgments

  As colleagues of mine learned that I had opened work on a book about the Americanization of Hawai‘i, I was warned that I would be rapping on a hornet’s nest. “You know, they really don’t like Americans poking into their history over there.” “Don’t be surprised if they don’t give you much cooperation.”

  I did not find this to be the case whatsoever. What I found was that in Hawai‘i the spirit of aloha remains an important touchstone of cultural identity. I was welcomed and encouraged, occasionally squinted at askance and adjured but in the best-intended way. Suspicion that I might not be the first choice to write such a book as this was generously masked with wonderfully helpful pointing of direction and willingness to allow me continuing engagement. It is a pleasure to acknowledge these debts:

  At the Hawai‘i State Library and Archives: Luella Kurkjian.

  At the University of Hawai‘i at Manoa Library and Archives, Hawaiian and Polynesian Collection: Lynette Furuhaka.

  At the Hawaiian Historical Society: Barbara E. Dunn and Ipo Santos-Bear.

  At the Mission Houses Museum: Mike Smola and Carol White.

  At the Hawaiian Judiciary Center: Keahe Davis and Toni Han Palermo.

  With the Daughters of Hawai‘i: Della Kua‘ana at Queen Emma’s Summer Palace and B. K. Calder at the Hulihe‘e Palace.

  At Kilauea National Park: Helene Buntman.

  At Pu‘ukohola National Historic Site: Joon So.

  More than by anyone else, I was bowled over by the knowledge and passion of independent scholar Boyd Bond of Kohala, descended from the Judds and the Bonds, blue-eyed but as native as can be. Producing a grand unifying theory of Hawaiian history and culture that has universal approbation may prove as elusive as producing one of the universe itself, but if I met anyone with the voice and the temperament to do it, he can.

  In the writing of history, one does not meet many genuine game changers. Howe
ver, the effort to resuscitate Hawaiian language sources has been given an electric shock by M. Puakea Nogelmeier at the University of Hawai‘i at Manoa, and his kind reception and encouragement are deeply appreciated.

  In commercial publishing, the term “meritorious” is the kiss of death. Most of my best book ideas will never see light of day, because while they are acknowledged as quality projects that would be edifying to the public, they are not perceived as profitable. For Captive Paradise, huge thanks are due to my literary agent, Jim Hornfischer, who strongly advocated moving this project ahead of others that were pending; to my editor, Charles Spicer at St. Martin’s, for perceiving that once Hawai‘i’s story was presented to the mainland audience, they would actually buy books.

  And above all: not until this effort have I had to work so fast as to engage a research assistant—a term that he modestly awarded to himself—but this book would not have happened without Jody Edward Ginn, in real life a Ph.D. candidate at the University of North Texas and producer with Texas History Films. His omnipresence as my right-hand man (which, being left-handed, I found particularly useful) was indispensable. Because of the unforgiving nature of clock and calendar, I had to trust him to evaluate whole collections of documents, and his eye for spotting the glint of gold in the folder of gravel saved me months of work.

  For many other kindnesses and paving my way, thanks are due to Paul and Rachel Sheffield, Greg Hermida and Laura MacLay, Quinn Argall, Laurence Jackson, Evan Yeakel, Craig Eiland, Jim Kunetka, and especially Brent and Gina Bliven.

  Index

  The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.

  ABCFM, see American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions

  Actaeon, HMS

  Ahupua‘a

  Aikane

  ‘Aimoku, Mary Purdy Lamiki

  ‘Ai noa

  Ajax (ship)

  Aki

  Alapa‘i, King

  Albert, King of Saxony

  Albert, Prince Consort of Great Britain

  Albert Edward, Prince of Wales

  Albert Edward Kauikeaouli, Prince of Hawai‘i

  Alexander, Col. B. S.

  Alfred, Prince, Duke of Edinburgh

  Alien Land Ownership Act

  Ali‘i, hanai among, social domination by, alcohol and, sandalwood and, compared to commoners, aikane among, infertility of, elevation of children of aikane to, education and, freeing workers from, leprosy among, marriages to whites, religion and, ethnicity of

  Ali‘iolane Hale, construction, 1893 prorogation, as judiciary building

  Allen, Anthony

  Allen, Elisha

  Allen, Frederick Hobbs

  Amateur Musical Society

  American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, chiefs request teachers from, recall Hiram Bingham, withdraws from Hawai‘i, policies of

  American Seamen’s Friend Society

  Anderson, Rufus

  Andover Theological Seminary

  Andrews, Rev. Lorrin

  Anglicanism, Ellis’s opinion in England, growth in Hawai‘i, Emma and

  Ann (ship)

  Annexation Club

  Apua (district)

  Armand, Abraham

  Armstrong, Rev. Richard

  Armstrong, William

  Arnold, Theodosia

  Ashford, Clarence

  Ashford, Volney

  Astrolabe (ship)

  Averick (ship)

  Auld, William

  Australia (ship)

  Bachelot, Alexis

  Baldwin, Dr. Dwight

  Baldwin, H. P.

  Baptist Missionary Society

  Baranov, Aleksander

  Bayard, Thomas

  Bayonet Constitution

  Beecher, Rev. Lyman

  Benicia, USS

  Berger, Capt. Henry

  Bille, Capt. Carl Steen-Andersen

  Bingham, Rev. Hiram, background, Ka‘ahumanu and, visits Kamehameha II, Lord Byron and, attacked by sailors, Boki and, advises Kamehameha III, recall by ABCFM, designs Kawaiaha‘o church

  Bingham, Sybil,

  Bird, Dr. Nelson

  Bishop, Bernice, see Pauahi, Princess Bernice

  Bishop, Charles Reed, Princess Bernice courtship & marriage background, Hawaiian League and, organizes museum, advises Lili‘uokalani

  Bishop, Rev. Sereno

  Blaine, James G.

  Bligh, Lieut. William

  Bliss, Rev. Isaac & Emily

  Blonde, HMS

  Blount, James, H., and Lorrin Thurston, background, instructions, work in Hawai‘i, report on Hawai‘i, and Sereno Bishop

  Blount Report

  Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Titles, see Land Commission

  Boki, High Chief, to London, influence on Kamehameha III, quells riot, commercial ventures & disappearance, conversion to Catholicism, conflict with Ka‘ahumanu

  Bond, Boyd

  Bond, Rev. Elias, and Kohala Sugar Co.

  Boston, USS (armored cruiser)

  Boston, USS (sloop-of-war)

  Boussole (ship)

  Brinsmade, Peter

  Brintnall, Capt. Caleb

  Brown, Admiral

  Brown, George, as persona non grata, death

  Brown, Lydia

  Bryant & Sturgis

  Burgess, John W.

  Byron, Capt. Lord George

  Calhoun, John C.

  California, Hopu departs for, gold rush effect in Hawai‘i, as source of Mormons in Hawai‘i, prospective steamship service from, sugar refining

  California, USS

  Campbell, Abigail (daughter)

  Campbell, Abigail Kuaihelani (mother)

  Cannon, George Q.

  Carey, William

  Carter, Charles L.

  Carter, Henry A. P.

  Cartwright, Alexander

  Carysfort, HMS

  Castle, Samuel Northrup

  Castle, William N.

  Castle & Cooke

  Catholicism, missionaries dispatched from France, ali‘i conversions to, persecution of, French force to promote, leprosy and

  C. Brewer & Co.

  Chamberlain, Daniel

  Chamberlain, Levi

  Chamberlain, Maria

  Chambers, Sister Catherine

  Charles Phelps (ship)

  Charleston, USS

  Charlton, Richard

  Cherub, HMS

  Chiefs’ Children’s School, see Royal School

  Chinese-Americans

  Chinese Exclusion Act

  Chinese in Hawai‘i, leprosy and, immigration, immigration foreseen, intermarriage, population, opium and

  Chun Afong

  City of Melbourne, SS

  Clark, Sen. James Beauchamp

  Clark, Ephraim

  Clarke, Capt. Elisha

  Clayton, John M.

  Cleghorn, Archibald, marries Likelike, anger at Lili‘uokalani

  Clemens, Samuel, as Mark Twain, and Lunalilo, on hula, characterizes missionaries, on surfing

  Clémentine (ship)

  Cleopatra’s Barge (ship)

  Clerke, Capt. Charles

  Cleveland, Pres. Grover, receives Kapi‘olani, and Reciprocity Treaty, assumes office for 2nd term, receives Ka‘iulani, withdraws annexation treaty, and Blount mission, and Lili‘uokalani, reports to Congress on Hawai‘i

  Clinton, Bill

  Coffee

  Colburn, John F.

  Collamer, Sen. Jacob

  Columbia (ship)

  Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary

  Cook, Capt. James, early years, encounters Hawai‘i, attempt to limit spread of venereal disease, search for Northwest Passage, maps Hawaiian Islands, sojourn on Hawai‘i Island, death, controversy over welcome as a god

  Cooke, Amos
Starr

  Cooke, Juliette Montague

  Cooley, Thomas M.

  Coptic, RMS

  Cormorant, HMS

  Cotton

  Cummins, John Adams Kuikini

  Daedalus, HMS

  Damon, Rev. Samuel

  Darrow, Clarence

  Davies, Theo

  Davis, Betty

  Davis, Capt. William Heath

  Davis, Isaac

  Davis, Isaac Young

  Declaration of Rights

  De Varigny, Charles

  Diamond Head

  Dibble, Sheldon

  Diell, John

  Dillon, Guillaume Patrice

  Discovery, HMS

  Dole, Daniel & Emily

  Dole, George

  Dole, Sanford Ballard, opposes Asian immigration, coinage and, Hawaiian League and, coup and, James H. Blount and, John W. Burgess and, appointed president

  Dominis, John Owen, marriage to Lili‘uokalani, trip to London, death

  Dominis, Mary

  Douglas, David

  Dublin, HMS

  Dudoit, Jules

  Dwight, Edwin

  Dwight, Timothy

  Egypt, Kalakaua in

  Eleanora (ship)

  Elizabeth (ship)

  Ellis, Rev. William

  Ely, James

  Emerson, John & Ursula

  Emerson, N. B.

  Emma, Queen, birthplace & descent, as mother, bereavement, family life, Queen Victoria and, Napoleon III and, Anglicanism of, Prince Alfred and, Lunalilo and, contends for throne, John Spreckels and, death, sorcery and, Lili‘uokalani and, cultural collections of, estate of,

  Eugénie, Empress

  Ewa Plain

  Fair American (ship)

  Fayerweather, Abram

  Fish, Hamilton

  Fong, Hiram

  Ford, Alexander Hume

  Fortescue, Grace

  Foster, John W.

  Freeth, George

  Fuji, HIJMS

  Galatea, HMS

  Galathea (ship)

  Gamble, Lieut. John

  Garfield, Pres. James A.

  Gassendi (ship)

  George IV, King

  Gibson, Walter Murray, and Mormon colony, in Kalakaua’s cabinet, arrest, exile & death

  Glad Tidings (ship)

  Globe (ship)

  Glynn, James

  Golovnin, Capt. Wassily

  Goodale, Warren

  Goodrich, Joseph

  Gould, Thomas Ridgeway

  Grant, Pres. Ulysses S.